Sodium propionate

Sodium propionate[1]
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
Sodium propanoate
Other names
Sodium propionate
Napropion
E281
Identifiers
CAS Number
3D model (JSmol)
ChEBI
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.004.810
EC Number
  • 205-290-4
E number E281 (preservatives)
PubChem CID
UNII
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
InChI
  • InChI=1S/C3H6O2.Na/c1-2-3(4)5;/h2H2,1H3,(H,4,5);/q;+1/p-1 checkY
    Key: JXKPEJDQGNYQSM-UHFFFAOYSA-M checkY
  • InChI=1/C3H6O2.Na/c1-2-3(4)5;/h2H2,1H3,(H,4,5);/q;+1/p-1
    Key: JXKPEJDQGNYQSM-REWHXWOFAH
SMILES
  • [Na+].[O-]C(=O)CC
Properties
Chemical formula
 C3H5NaO2
Molar mass 96.060 g/mol
Appearance Transparent crystals
Odor faint acetic-butyric odor
Melting point 289 °C (552 °F; 562 K)
Solubility in water
 1 g/mL
Solubility in ethanol 41.7 g/L
Pharmacology
ATC code
 S01AX10 (WHO) QA16QA02 (WHO)
Hazards
GHS labelling:[2]
Pictograms
 GHS05: CorrosiveGHS07: Exclamation markGHS09: Environmental hazard
Signal word
 Danger
Hazard statements
 H302, H317, H318, H411
Precautionary statements
 P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P272, P273, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P305+P354+P338, P317, P321, P330, P333+P317, P362+P364, P391, P501
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
LD50 (median dose)
 6332 mg/kg (mouse, oral)[2]
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
☒N verify (what is checkY☒N ?)
Infobox references

Sodium propanoate or sodium propionate is the sodium salt of propionic acid which has the chemical formula Na(C2H5COO). This white crystalline solid is deliquescent in moist air.[2]

Structure

Structure of sodium propionate, with methyl groups and H atoms omitted.[3] Color code: red = O, blue = Na.

Anhydrous sodium propionate is a polymeric structure, featuring trigonal prismatic Na+ centers bonded to six oxygen ligands provided by the carboxylates. A layered structure is observed, with the hydrophobic ethyl groups projecting into the layered galleries. With hydrated sodium propionate, some of these Na-carboxylate linkages are displaced by water.

Preparation

It is produced by the reaction of propionic acid and sodium carbonate or sodium hydroxide.[4]

Uses

It is used as a food preservative and is represented by the food labeling E number E281 in Europe; it is used primarily as a mold inhibitor in bakery products. It is approved for use as a food additive in the EU,[5] USA[6] and Australia and New Zealand[7] (where it is listed by its INS number 281).

Reactions

Decomposition takes place via ketonization, yielding the symmetric ketone (3-pentanone) and sodium carbonate:[4]

2Na(O2CEt) → Na2CO3 + Et(CO)Et

Some side reactions resulting in the release of carbon dioxide are observed.[4]

See also

References

  1. ^ Merck Index, 11th Edition, 8623.
  2. ^ a b c PubChem. "Sodium Propionate". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2026-02-01.
  3. ^ Fábry, Jan; Samolová, Erika (2020). "Layered alkali propanoates M+(C2H5COO)−; M+= Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+". Acta Crystallographica Section E. 76 (9): 1508–1513. Bibcode:2020AcCrE..76.1508F. doi:10.1107/S2056989020011469. PMC 7472758. PMID 32939309.
  4. ^ a b c Grivel, J. -C. (2018-11-01). "New insights into the thermal behavior and decomposition of sodium propionate". Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis. 136: 62–68. doi:10.1016/j.jaap.2018.10.023. ISSN 0165-2370.
  5. ^ UK Food Standards Agency: "Current EU approved additives and their E Numbers". Retrieved 2011-10-27.
  6. ^ US Food and Drug Administration: "Listing of Food Additives Status Part II". Food and Drug Administration. Archived from the original on January 8, 2010. Retrieved 2011-10-27.
  7. ^ Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code"Standard 1.2.4 - Labelling of ingredients". 8 September 2011. Retrieved 2011-10-27.
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